Choose an AUDIO example (not video clip) from Unit 5: Middle East and write a 150 word journal about it. Please utilize the listening guides in your textbook for this assignment. Include information about the audio example including the genre or style, instruments and form. What culture creates this music? What behaviors or activities are associated with this music? Also include your personal thoughts or feelings about your chosen audio example. Do you like it/dislike it? Why did you choose this particular example?Your Journal should be around 150 words (5 pts), cover all of the topic points (5 pts), and be submitted on time (5 pts). There are 15 points possible for this assignment.Middle East Audio ExamplesAudio Examples ARE part of the Middle East Quiz. Please utilize the Listening Guides in your textbook when listening to these examples. Some important information to know for each example includes: the culture that creates the music, the instruments you are hearing, the song type or genre of the music, and what kinds of activities are associated with the music.Recitation of the Koran: Khandan or Heightened SpeechListening Guide pg.6805 Qur’an.mp3Play media comment.Persian Chahar MezrabListening Guide pg.5704 Chahar Mezrab.mp3Play media comment.Arabic MaqamsListening Guide pg.7206 Arab Maqams.mp3Play media comment.Arabic TaqsimListening Guide pg.7507 Arab Taqsim.mp3Play media comment.Egyptian Tahkt Ensemble featuring Umm KulthumListening Guide pg.8210 Arab Umm Kuthum.mp3
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Music of the Middle East
The Middle East is home to ancient civilizations and
three of the major religions on Earth; Christianity,
Judaism and Islam.
The Middle East
It is important to distinguish the major ethnic groups from
this area as the cultures differ greatly from one another.
Arabic
Saudi Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan
Persian
Iran
Turkish
Turkey
The Middle East
There are three major Islamic sects:
Shi’ah, typically more fundamental
Sunni, typically more mainstream
Sufi , the mystical branch of Islam
Depending on where you are in the
Middle East, acceptance and/or
avoidance of different musical
activities will vary according to the
type of religion practiced there.
What countries aren’t Islamic in the
Middle East?
Defining Music
In Islamic and Judaic areas in the Middle
East, there are different levels of music
that exist.
Religious “music” is most often solo vocal
performance, but it is typically not
considered music at all, rather a form of
Heightened Speech. Why?
Khandan:
“to sing, to recite, to read”
Recitation from the Koran, “Heightened
Speech”
Islamic call to prayer
Video
Defining Music
Musiqi:
The term for classical and folk music traditions.
This includes types of music that are considered halal,
or acceptable, such as…
Chanted poetry, music for family celebrations, folk
songs, and military music.
Other types of music may be considered haram, or
unacceptable, such as Western pop music, music for
nightclubs, or any style of music that has sexual or
taboo content.
Listening Activity: Khandan
Listen to “Recitation of the Holy Koran” found in the
Middle East Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in
your book as you listen.
What Sounds are you hearing?
What Behaviors are associated with this musical
activity? Is this considered a musical activity by the
culture that creates it?
What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and
behaviors of this musical activity?
Characteristics of Middle Eastern Music
The texture of traditional music in the Middle
East is either:
Monophonic (one melody) or
Heterophonic ( multiple variations of one
melody).
Ornamentations such as bent and
embellished notes are frequently used.
Timbre is flat, vibrato-less tone, hard-edged,
with a raspy quality.
Solo vocal music or solo instrumental music
dominates.
Improvisation is highly valued.
Three Unifying Beliefs
Vocal and compositional style is derived
from the recitation of the Holy Koran.
Music creates a kind of ecstatic,
emotional bond between performer
and audience. This emotional
connection is referred to as tarab.
The “suite,” or collection of individual
pieces played together, is the major
unifying compositional principle.
Musicians in Middle Eastern Society
How are professional and amateur musicians viewed
differently?
How does the venue of a musical performance affect the
value and acceptability of the music?
In general, the smaller and more private a musical activity
is, the more acceptable and valuable it is primarily because
music is an emotional activity (tarab).
Majles
Video
A typical private concert event
Instruments: Chordophones
Oud (Arabic)
Video
large pear-shaped lute
fretless neck
five courses of strings.
The oud is found throughout much of
the Middle East and is associated with
the “classical” tradition
Grandfather of all lutes
European lute
Chinese pipa
Japanese biwa
Instruments: Chordophones
Bouzouq (Arabic)
rounded-bodied plucked lute
movable frets
three courses of strings, one course
for melody and two courses for a
drone effect.
Instruments: Chordophones
Tar (Persian)
Video
long-necked, plucked lute
movable frets
three courses of strings
sympathetic strings
mulberry wood “bowls” covered
in lamb skin
Instruments: Chordophones
Kamancheh (Persian)
Video
small round-bodied, bowed lute
3 silk strings (traditional) or 4 steel
strings, fretless
commonly called a spike fiddle
ancestor to the violin
name means “little bow”
Instruments: Chordophones
Santour (Persian)
Persian hammered zither or
dulcimer, struck with two
wooden mallets
Kanun (Arabic)
Arabic plucked zither
Instruments: Membranophones
Dombak
goblet shaped drums
various names in different
regions
Daff, Riqq
frame drums
metal symbols are often
attached
held vertically in hand
Instruments: Aerophones
Ney
Video
end-blown flute
made from bamboo
Zornah, Surna
double-reed flutes
Middle Eastern Modal Systems
Maqam (Arabic)
Dastgah (Persian)
Every mode has a name that either indicates:
Origin, Character, or Theoretic practice
Every mode consists of a scale or set of pitches, an appropriate
time and setting for performance, and an emotional “flavor.”
Arabic Taqsim
Video
A highly improvised song in free-rhythm that explores the mode, or
maqam.
Listening Activity: Arabic Taqsim
Listen to “Arabic Taqsim” found in the Middle East
Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as
you listen.
What Sounds are you hearing?
What Behaviors are associated with this musical
activity?
What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and
behaviors of this musical activity?
Persian Musical Terms
Dastgah
The mode or system of rules for
Persian musical composition and
performance.
Gusheh
Short composed melodies that are
memorized and connected within
each dastgah.
Radif
A book containing 250-300 gusheh
for each dastgah by a particular
composer.
The Persian Suite
Pishdaramad
Introductory piece, composed, metric, ensemble
performance
Chahar Mezrab
Video
Composed, metric, solo performance on the santour
Avaz
Central piece, improvised, metric, vocal or instrumental
Tasnif
Video
Composed, metric, vocal and instrumental ensemble
piece
Reng
The final piece, based on folk dance traditions
Listening Activity: Chahar Mezrab
Listen to “Chahar Mezrab” found in the Middle East
Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as
you listen.
What Sounds are you hearing?
What Behaviors are associated with this musical
activity?
What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and
behaviors of this musical activity?
Improvisation in Middle Eastern Music
Although highly regarded, there are many
restrictions regarding improvisation.
Mode determines the scale and identity of
pitches, and the typical motifs that must be
used
Performer must follow form and overall design
of the performance
Limited set of improvisational patterns
Movement from lower to higher range
Modal modulation, with limitations, at precise
points
Sufism: Mystical Branch of Islam
Unlike other Islam sects, Sufis
believe that music is THE way to
attain union with Allah.
Many Middle Eastern musicians,
if they are Muslim, are members
of Sufi sects.
The whirling dervishes, a Turkish
Sufi sect, and the Sema ceremony.
Video
Umm Kulthum
Video
Umm Kulthum is know as the
“Voice of Eygpt” in the Middle
East during her lifetime and
beyond.
What is the instrumentation of
Takht and Firqa ensembles in
Eygpt? Western Influence?
How does her stardom
contradict Middle Eastern values
towards musical performance?
Listening Activity: Umm Kulthum
Listen to “Umm Kulthum” found in the Middle East
Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as
you listen.
What Sounds are you hearing?
What Behaviors are associated with this musical
activity?
What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and
behaviors of this musical activity?
Influence and Current Issues
How has Middle Eastern musical culture affected
other societies?
North Indian Hindustani culture.
Instrumental influences. European lute, most popular
Renaissance instrument, derived from the oud.
What are current issues surrounding music in the
Middle East?
Authenticity
Recovery and preservation of older folk and classical
traditions
Participation of female musicians
Desirability or avoidance of musical modernization and
Westernization
…
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